Testicular cancer
- May 29
- 3 min read
Testicular cancer develops in the testicles, which are part of the male reproductive system. The testicles produce sperm and hormones such as testosterone.
Most testicular cancers begin in the cells that produce sperm, known as germ cells. These cancers usually grow slowly and respond well to treatment.
Although relatively uncommon overall, testicular cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting men between the ages of 15 and 45.
If untreated, the cancer can spread to nearby lymph nodes or other parts of the body, such as the lungs.
Who’s most at risk and why
Testicular cancer is most commonly diagnosed in younger men, particularly between the ages of 15 and 45.
Men who had an undescended testicle during childhood have a higher risk. A family history of testicular cancer may also increase risk.
Other factors that may play a role include previous testicular cancer or certain genetic conditions.
For many men diagnosed with testicular cancer, however, there is no clear cause.
Knowing the signs
The most common sign of testicular cancer is a lump or swelling in one of the testicles.
Some men notice a change in the size or shape of a testicle, a feeling of heaviness in the scrotum, or a dull ache in the lower abdomen or groin.
Occasionally fluid may collect around the testicle, causing swelling in the scrotum.
Most testicular lumps are not cancer, but any change that feels unusual should be checked by a GP.
Diagnosis: Is it cancer?
A GP will usually begin with a physical examination and may arrange an ultrasound scan of the testicles.
Blood tests may also be carried out to check for substances called tumour markers, which can sometimes be raised in testicular cancer.
If cancer is suspected, surgery to remove the affected testicle may be recommended. The tissue is then examined under a microscope to confirm the diagnosis and determine the type of cancer.
Additional scans may be used to see whether the cancer has spread.
What’s going to happen
If testicular cancer is confirmed, your case will usually be reviewed by a multidisciplinary team including urologists, oncologists, radiologists, and specialist nurses.
They will assess the stage of the cancer and recommend a treatment plan based on your individual situation.
Treatment
Surgery to remove the affected testicle is usually the first step in treatment.
For many men, this may be the only treatment needed if the cancer is detected early.
In some cases, chemotherapy or radiotherapy may be recommended to reduce the risk of the cancer returning or to treat cancer that has spread.
Regular follow-up appointments and scans are often used to monitor recovery and detect any signs of recurrence.
Prognosis
Testicular cancer is one of the most treatable forms of cancer.
When detected early, cure rates are very high and most men recover fully after treatment.
Even when the cancer has spread, modern treatments are highly effective and many men go on to live long and healthy lives.
Help and support
Support is available for anyone affected by testicular cancer, whether you are undergoing treatment or supporting someone close to you.
Macmillan Cancer Support offers reliable information and practical guidance, while Maggie’s Centres provide welcoming spaces for emotional support, group sessions, and advice.
Specialist organisations such as the Teenage Cancer Trust and Young Lives vs Cancer also support younger people affected by cancer.