LiftHER

Coercive control is a pattern of behaviour used to dominate, isolate, and control another person over time. Unlike one-off incidents, it works by gradually removing freedom, confidence, and independence, creating an environment of fear and dependence. Coercive control can include monitoring movements, restricting access to money, isolating someone from friends or family, or constant criticism and humiliation.

In England and Wales, coercive control became a criminal offence in 2015 and is now recognised in law across the UK. Despite this, many women do not recognise coercive control while it is happening. It often develops slowly, becoming normalised until autonomy and choice are severely restricted.

How it presents

Coercive control often appears through subtle but persistent behaviours. This may include controlling what someone wears, who they speak to, or where they go. Some women experience constant monitoring of their phone, messages, or online activity, or pressure to share passwords or social media accounts.

Economic abuse is common and may involve taking wages, limiting access to money, preventing employment, or building debt in a partner’s name. Emotional abuse can include constant criticism, threats, intimidation, or tactics designed to undermine confidence and self-trust. Over time, these behaviours create confusion, fear, and dependence. Many survivors describe coercive control as living under constant scrutiny, where every decision feels monitored or judged.

The impact

The effects of coercive control are often invisible but deeply damaging. Many survivors experience anxiety, depression, and a gradual loss of confidence, leaving them unsure of their own judgement or afraid to make decisions. Isolation makes it harder to seek support and can prevent women from recognising the abuse for what it is.

Children living in households affected by coercive control are also harmed, even if they are not directly targeted. They may witness fear, tension, and emotional manipulation, leading to distress and long-term emotional difficulties. Even after leaving the relationship, survivors often face ongoing challenges, including trauma, financial hardship, and difficulties rebuilding trust and independence.

The system response

Although coercive control is now recognised in law, it remains one of the most difficult forms of abuse to identify and prosecute. Evidence is often cumulative rather than visible, relying on patterns of behaviour rather than single events. Many women do not keep records of threats, financial restrictions, or surveillance, often because doing so would increase risk.

When cases are reported, survivors may face disbelief or minimisation, particularly if there is no physical violence. Specialist domestic abuse services and advocacy workers play a vital role in helping women understand coercive control, document their experiences, and navigate legal and support systems. While legal recognition has improved, coercive control is still widely misunderstood, leaving many survivors without timely protection or support.