EMERGENCY CARE
These summaries explain what a medical emergency can look or feel like, why it matters, and when 999 may be the right call. Acting quickly can make a real difference.
Seizures
What it is and how it may present
A seizure is caused by sudden, abnormal electrical activity in the brain. It can affect movement, awareness, behaviour, or consciousness. Some seizures involve convulsions and loss of consciousness, while others may appear as staring spells, confusion, unusual movements, or temporary loss of awareness.
Seizures can occur in people with known conditions such as epilepsy, but they can also happen for the first time due to illness, infection, head injury, metabolic imbalance, or other underlying causes. Recovery can be quick for some people, while others may remain confused, drowsy, or unwell afterwards.
Why this can be a medical emergency
Not all seizures require emergency care. Many people with epilepsy have seizures that are familiar, self-limiting, and part of an established condition.
However, a seizure becomes a medical emergency when it is prolonged, repeated without recovery in between, occurs for the first time, follows a head injury, or results in injury or breathing problems. Ongoing seizures can place significant strain on the brain and body, and delays in treatment can increase the risk of serious complications.
Why emergency services may be appropriate
Emergency services may be appropriate if a seizure lasts longer than expected, if multiple seizures occur close together, or if the person does not recover as usual. Calling 999 may also be appropriate if the seizure is the first one the person has experienced, if they are injured, or if there are concerns about breathing or consciousness. Prompt assessment helps identify the cause and ensures appropriate care and monitoring.